COMMISSION C : Radio
Signals and Systems (November 2004 – October 2007)
Edited by Shozo Komaki
C1. Land Mobile Communication System
Land mobile communication systems, such as LTE and 4G
communication systems, have been actively investigated in
Experimental results of MIMO transmission systems have
been reported several authors.
Regarding to MIMO-OFDM, experimental results on real-time
packet transmission over 1Gbps has been reported using 4 by 4 MIMO and MLD
based signal detection for 4G communication systems [Higuchi et al, 2006].
Performance of 4 by 4 MIMO spatial multiplexing has been
evaluated in actual indoor environment. Cumulative distribution function (CDF)
of channel capacity has shown that MIMO spatial multiplexing in the LOS
environment provides higher channel capacity than that in the NLOS environments
[Nishimoto et al, 2007].
Regarding to MIMO eigenmode transmission system, an
adaptive algorithm that accounts for channel state information (CSI)
imperfection and practical operating conditions has been proposed. Experimental
results and computer simulation have confirmed that this scheme is robust and
superior to the conventional schemes [Ting at al, 2006].
Radio signal processing technologies for land mobile radio
communication systems have been actively investigated.
Frequency domain equalization (FDE) techniques for block
CDMA transmission have been investigated. It has been confirmed that
frequency-domain block spread CDMA is a good solution for mitigation of
performance degradation due to multi-access interference (MAI) [Adachi et al,
2007].
Frequency domain soft-interference canceling MMSE Turbo
equalization has been investigated. In this paper, a computationally efficient
method for computing extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) function of the
equalizer has been proposed [Kansanen et al, 2007].
From the system point of view, several techniques have
been proposed for performance enhancement and complexity reduction.
For OFDM/TDMA systems, channel estimation scheme has been
proposed using carrier interferometry (CI). It has been confirmed that the
proposed scheme can perform accurate channel estimation [Yokomakura et al,
2007].
In order to mitigate peak to average power ratio (PAPR)
for single carrier PSK signals, the trellis shaping technique has been combined
with iterative decoding of concatenated channel coding. Simulation results have
confirmed that this scheme can achieve significant coding gain [Tanahashi et
al, 2007].
In order to mitigate PAPR for MIMO-OFDM signals,
subcarrier-block phase hopping scheme has been investigated. Computer
simulation has confirmed that this scheme can drastically reduce PAPR and can
improve its performance in comparison with the conventional MIMO-OFDM [Ishida
et al, 2007].
Multi-hop cooperative sending and transmit power control
based on interference information has been investigated for cognitive radio.
Computer simulation results have been confirmed that this scheme is helpful to
protect interference [Yu, 2007].
In order to derive accurate soft decision for reduced
complexity MLD for MIMO spatial multiplexing, simple estimation method for lost
likelihood information has been proposed. Computer simulation results have
confirmed that this scheme has excellent performance keeping small hardware
complexity [Higashinaka et al, 2007].
(H. Kubo)
References
Higuchi, K., H. Kawai, N. Maeda, H. Taoka, and M.
Sawahashi [2006],
Experiments on Real-Time 1-Gb/s Packet Transmission Using MLD-Based Signal Detection in MIMO-OFDM Broadband Radio Access, IEEE J. Sel. Areas in Commun., Volume 24, No. 6, pp. 1141-1153.
Nishimoto, H., Y. Ogawa, T. Nishimura, and T. Ohgane [2007], Measurement-Based Performance
Evaluation of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing in a Multipath-Rich Indoor Environment,
IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 55, No. 12, pp. 3677-3689.
Ting,
S. H., K. Sakaguchi, and K. Araki [July 2006], A robust and
low complexity adaptive algorithm for MIMO eigenmode transmission system with experimental
validation, IEEE Trans.
on Wireless Commun.,
Vol. 5, 7, pp. 1775-1784.
Adachi,
F., A. Nakajima, K. Takeda, L. Liu,
H. Tomeba, and K. Fukuda [2007],
Frequency-Domain Equalization for Block CDMA Transmission, in Proc. of Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum
(MC-SS 2007), pp. 1-10, Herrsching, Germany,
2007.
Kansanen, K.,
and T. Matsumoto [2007], An Analytical Method for MMSE MIMO Turbo Equalizer EXIT
Chart Computation, IEEE Trans.
Wireless Commun.,
vol. 6, No 1, pp. 59-63.
Yokomakura,
K., S. Sampei, H. Harada, and
Tanahashi, M.,
and H. Ochiai, Iterative Decoding of Concatenated Channel Coding and Trellis
Shaping Based on Markov Model, in Proc. of IEEE
GLOBECOM2007,
Ishida,
Y., S. Suyama, H. Suzuki, and K. Fukawa [2007], MIMO-OFDM
Transmission Employing Subcarrier-Block Phase Hopping for PAPR Reduction, in Proc. of VTC Spring 2007, pp. 2470-2474.
Yu, Y., H. Murata, K. Yamamoto, and K. Yoshida [2007], Multi-Hop Cooperative
Sensing and Transmit Power Control based on Interference Information for
Cognitive Radio, in Proc. of PIMRC
2007, pp. 1-5.
Higashinaka,
M., K. Motoyoshi, T. Nagayasu, H. Kubo, A. Shibuya,
and A. Okazaki [2007], Likelihood Estimation for
Reduced-Complexity ML Detectors in a MIMO System, in Proc. of IEEE VTC2007-Spring, pp. 2104-2108.
C2.
Satellite Communication Systems
Research and development projects in the field of satellite communication systems, such
as the laser communication, mobile satellite communication, and wideband
internetworking satellite communication has been executed in Japan for these three
years.
(1) OICETS [T. Jono, et al., 2007]
The Optical Inter-Orbit Communication Engineering Test Satellite
(OICETS, Japan name “KIRARI”) was developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA) [K. Nakagawa, et al., 1995], [T. Jono, et al., 1999]
and was launched into low earth sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 610 km
and an inclination of 97.8 degree on 23 August 2005.
A main objective of OICETS was to demonstrate the free-space
inter-orbit laser communications (forward: 2.048Mbps, return: 49.3724Mbps) by
using of intensity modulation, or On-Off Keying (OOK) and direct detection
system.
The inter-orbit demonstration was carried out with the cooperation of
the Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite, the Advanced Relay and
Technology Mission (ARTEMIS) developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) [M. Faup, et
al., 1996], [T. T. Nielsen, et
al., 2002].
These results show more than 90 % probability of acquisition and less
than 10-6 bit error rate.
Moreover, a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to ground laser bi-directional
communication demonstration was carried out with the cooperation of the Optical Ground Stations (OGSs), one of which was
developed by the National Institute of Information and Communications
Technology (NICT) in Japan, and the acquisition and tracking of the OICETS
satellite were successful by 100 % without bad weather conditions and the
bidirectional optical communication link was successfully established [M.
Toyoshima, et al., 2006]. The other
portable OGS was developed by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the optical
downlink experiment was conducted on European grounds [N. Perlot, et al.,
2007].
(2) ETS-VIII
The Engineering Test Satellite VIII (ETS-VIII, Japanese name “KIKU-8”)
was developed by the JAXA, NICT, and Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
(NTT) and was launched into geostationary orbit at 146 degrees east longitude
on 18 Dec. 2006.
The aim of this project is to develop fundamental technologies for
mobile satellite handheld phone services and digital sound broadcasting
services using the S-band frequency [
This satellite was shifted to operational phase in May 2007 after
4-months in-orbit tests. The
demonstrations of data/video transmission and the voice communication via this
satellite that assumed the use in the disaster spot were carried out in Sep.
2007 and Jan. 2008. The basic
experiments and the application experiments will be performed for several
years.
(3) WINDS
Wideband Internetworking engineering test and Demonstration Satellite
(WINDS) is an experimental satellite aiming at research and development of
broadband satellite communications system which takes part in construction of
worldwide broadband networks.
Its origin is the Gigabit Satellite R&D started in Communications
Research Laboratory (CRL, one of former bodies of NICT ) in 1992, and
fundamental technologies such as Ka-band active phased array antenna, satellite
onboard modem and high speed baseband switch were developed in this project [N.
Kadowaki, et al., 1999]. From 2001, full scale experimental satellite project
as WINDS executes by JAXA and NICT [N. Kadowaki, et al., 2007].
This satellite is equipped with the Multi-Beam Antenna (MBA), the
Multi-Port Amplifier (MBA), the Ka-Band Active Phased Array Antenna (APAA), and
the Advanced Baseband Switch (ABS) as the key sub-systems. The data transmission is up to 2
channels of 1.2 Gbps using 5 m class aperture antenna in bent-pipe mode and 3
channels of 155 Mbps using 45 cm aperture antennas in on-board switching
mode. This satellite was launched
into geostationary orbit in Feb. 2008.
(A. Kato)
References
T. Jono, Y. Takayama, K.
Shiratama, I. Mase, B. Demelenne, Z. Sodnik, A. Bird, M. Toyoshima, H.
Kunimori, D. Giggenbach, N. Perlot, M. Knapek and K. Arai [2007] “Overview of the
inter-orbit and orbit-to-ground laser communication demonstration by OICETS”,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 6457, 645702.
K. Nakagawa, et al. [1995] “Preliminary design of Laser Utilizing Communications
Experiment (LUCE) installed on Optical
Inter-Orbit Communications Engineering Test Satellite (OICETS),” Proceedings
of the SPIE 2381, 14-25.
T. Jono, et
al. [1999] “Acquisition, tracking
and pointing system of OICETS for free space laser communications,” Proceedings
of the SPIE 3692, 41-50.
M. Faup, et
al. [1996] “Experience Gained in the
Frame of Silex Program Development and Future Trends,”
AIAA 16th International
Communications Satellite Systems Conference 1996, 782-783.
T. T. Nielsen, et al. [2002] “In Orbit test result of
an Operational Intersatellite Link between ARTEMIS and SPOT4,” Proceedings
of the SPIE Vol. 4635, 1-15.
M. Toyoshima, K. Takizawa, T. Kuri, W. Klaus, M. Toyoda, H. Kunimori,
T. Jono, Y. Takayama, N. Kura, K. Ohinata, K. Arai, K. Shiratama [2006],
"Ground-to-OICETS laser communication experiments," Proceedings
of the SPIE, vol.6304-75, pp. 1-8, San Diego, U.S.A.,
August 13-17.
N. Perlot; M. Knapek; D. Giggenbach; J. Horwath; M. Brechtelsbauer; Y.
Takayama; T. Jono [2007], “Results of the optical downlink experiment KIODO
from OICETS satellite to optical ground station Oberpfaffenhofen (OGS-OP),” Proceedings
of the SPIE, Vol. 6457.
N. Hamamoto, S. Yoshimoto, M. Imae [2003] “Overview of the Engineering Test Satellite
VIII (ETS-VIII) Project,” Journal of the National
K. Yonezawa, M. Homma, S. Yoshimoto, S. Hama, T. Ohira, N. Natori, Y.
Tsutsumi [1998] “Outline of Engineering Test Satellite VIII,” 21st International Symposium on Space and
Tech. and Sci., ISTS 98-h-01V, Omiya, Japan.
Y. Kawakami, S. Yoshimoto, Y. Matsumoto, T. Ohira, N. Hamamoto [1998]
“S-band Mobile Satellite Communications and Sound Broadcasting System in
ETS-VIII,” 21st International
Syposium on Space and Tech. and Sci., ISTS 98-h-02, Omiya, Japan.
N. Kadowaki, R. Suzuki [2007] “Overview of the Wideband
InterNetworking Engineering Test and Demonstration Satellite Project,” Journal
of the National
N. Kadowaki, N. Yoshimura, Y. Ogawa, N. Komiya, T. Araki [1999]
“Ka-Band Gigabit Communications Satellite: Development Status and Connection
Control Scheme,” Proceedings of 5th Ka-Band Utilization Conference, Taormina,
Italy.
C3. Digital
Broadcasting System
There are
many research and development activities in the field of digital broadcasting
system such as digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) and
television broadcasting for mobile in
Japanese
digital television standard, ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
for Terrestrial), has already been standardized by the Japanese radio and
broadcasting standardization body, ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and
Businesses) in 2001[ARIB, 2001]. DTTB service based on ISDB-T began in 2003 at
Since battery
size is strictly limited in mobile and handheld terminals, power consumption of
the narrow-band ISDB-T receiver is a major problem. An RF (Radio Frequency)
front-end circuit, whose bias is controlled by the received signal quality, was
developed in order to reduce the average power consumption [
The multipath
fading and Doppler spreading are major problems especially in the reception of DTTB
on fast moving vehicle. In order to solve these problems, joint use of the
pre-FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) combining adaptive array antenna and post-FFT
space diversity combining was proposed [Pham, et.al. 2006, 2008]. The Doppler
spread compensator based on linear array antenna was proposed [Yu, et.al.
2007].
Although
ISDB-T is robust to multipath and the required CNR (Carrier-to-Noise power
Ratio) is lower than that of analog television, poor reception areas still
remain in shadowed areas. In order to reduce the poor reception areas,
retransmission is made based on the radio-on-fiber (RoF) technique [Maeda,
et.al, 2005].
(M. Okada)
References
ARIB STANDARD
STD-B31, Transmission system for digital terrestrial television broadcasting,
[2005] http://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/6-STD-B31v1_6-E2.pdf
(first
version was released in 2001 and the version 1.6 was revised in 2005 as version
1.6)
Digital
broadcasting experts group (DiBEG) Web Page, http://www.dibeg.org/
Sakai, T.,
Ito, S., Kaiki, N., Sakai, A., Okazaki, M., Natsumi, M., Saito, A., Kioi, K.,
Koutani, M., Kagoshima, K., Kawama, S., Kijima, H., Toyoyama, S., Matsunaga,
N., Hamaguchi, M., Kawamura, H., Iizuka, K. [2007], A Digital TV Receiver RF
and BB Chipset with Adaptive Bias-Current Control for Mobile Applications, IEEE
International Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2007. ISSCC 2007. Digest of
Technical Papers, pp. 212-213.
Kim, S-H.,
Okada, M. Hara, T., Saito, M., [2007], A study on the adaptive RF Front-end for
low power consumption ISDB-T Receiver, Military Communications Conference.
Pham, D-H.,
Tabata, T., Asato, H., Hori, S., Wada, T.,[2006], Joint Hardware-Software
Implementation of Adaptive Array Antenna for ISDB-T Reception, Vol.E89-B,
No.12, pp.3215-3224
Pham, D.-H.,
Gao, J., Tabata T., Asato, H., Hori, S. Wada, T. [2008], Implementation of
Joint Pre-FFT Adaptive Array Antenna and Post-FFT Space Diversity Combining for
Yu, Y-C., Okada,
M., Yamamoto, H. [2007], Dipole Array Antenna Assisted Doppler Spread
Compensator with MRC Diversity for ISDB-T Receiver, IEICE Transactions on
Communications, Vol.E90-B, No.5, pp.1214-1221
Maeda, M.,
Nakatsugawa, T., Oyamada, K. [2005], Optical Fiber Transmission Technologies
for Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting Signals, IEICE Transactions on
Communications, Vol.E88-B, No.5, pp.1853-1860
C4. Array Antenna and Signal Processing
Research and development activity in the field of radio communication
systems, such as the fourth-generation mobile/cellular radio and wireless LAN
systems has been very active in
Development of Experimental setup and experimental study on
MIMO system were also well investigated. Platforms for MIMO systems were
developed [K. Mizutani, et al., 2006], and transmission performance was
measured [H. Nishimoto, et al., 2007]. Devices for MIMO system such as dual
polarization antenna [N. Kumar, et al., 2006] and beam-scanning array antenna
with tunable reactance devices were also developed [N. Honma, et al., [2005].
Study on adaptive arrays and SDMA (Space Division Multiple
Access) technologies have still active in this period. Performance of several SDMA techniques
were compared [Y.Jia, et al., 2006] and SDMA configuration using polarization
control was proposed [K. Komiya, et al., 2005]. Furthermore, an adaptive
beamforming method using MEMS [Q. Tran, et al., [2006] and real-time ML
detectors [T. Koike, et al., 2006] for SDMA were developed.
Array signal processing for terrestrial television
broadcasting were very active because the digital broadcasting based on OFDM
technology was serviced in the end of 2003. A pre-FFT OFDM adaptive array with
eigenvector combining was proposed [S. Hara, et al., 2006]. A Doppler spread
compensator using dipole array antenna [Y. Yu, et al., 2007] and implementation
of adaptive array antenna for digital television broadcasting [D. Pham, et al.,
2006] was well investigated.
Estimation of direction of arrival was also one of the
attractive issues in the array signal processing. Since the estimation
techniques utilizing signal sub-space concept has very high resolution
performance, the research in this field was very active [N. Kikuma, 2005]. Not
only estimation for the direction of arrival but also the estimation for number
of arrival waves were studied [Y. Ishikawa, et al., 2006]. It was also reported
that the estimation accuracy was improved by calibration and spatial smoothing
[P. Cherntanomwong, et al., 2007].
(M. Fujimoto)
References
Y. Karasawa [2005], MIMO propagation channel modeling, IEICE
Trans. Commun., Vol.E88-B, No.5, pp.1829-1842.
Y. Ogawa, K. Nishio, T. Nishimura, T. Ohgane [2005], Channel
estimation and aignal detection for space division multiplexing in a MIMO-OFDM
system, IEICE Trans., Commun., Vol.E88-B, No.1, pp.10-18.
M. Tsuruta, T. Taniguchi, Y. Karasawa [2007], On statistical
distribution of eigenvalues of channel correlation matrix in MIMO multi-keyhole
environment, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E90-B, No.9, pp.2352-2359.
R. Kudo, Y. Takatori, K. Nishimori, K. Tsunekawa
[2006], Novel downlink beamforming
method using selective STBC with common eigenvectors for MIMO-OFDM systems,
IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.8, pp.2170-2179.
K. Mizutani, K. Sakaguchi, J. Takada, K. Araki [2006],
Development of MIMO-SDR platform and its application to real-time channel
measurements, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.12, pp.3197-3207.
H. Nishimoto, Y. Ogawa, T. Nishimura, T. Ohgane [2007], MIMO
E-SDM transmission performance in an actual indoor environment, IEICE Trans.
Commun., Vol.E90-B, No.6, pp.1474-1486.
T. Onizawa, A. Ohta, Y. Asai, S. Aikawa [2006], FPGA
implementation of eigenbeam MIMO-OFDM for wireless LAN and its experimental
performance, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.12, pp.3233-3241.
N. Kumar, M. Shinozawa, N. Miyadai, T. Taniguchi, Y.
Karasawa [2006], Experiments on a MIMO system having dual polarization
diversity branches, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.9, pp.2522-2529.
N. Honma, T. Seki, K. Nishikawa, K. Tsunekawa, K. Sawaya
[2005], Series-fed beam-scanning antenna employing multi-stage configured
microstrip antennas with tunable reactance devices,
IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E88-B, No.6, pp.2297-2304.
Y.Jia, Q. Tran, S. Hara [2006], Performance comparison of
two SDMA approaches for OFDM signals using measured indoor channel data, IEICE
Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.4, pp.1315-1324.
K. Komiya, K. Nishimori, K. Cho, T. Hori [2005], Proposal of
SDMA configuration adopting directivity and polarization control, IEICE Trans.
Commun., Vol. J88-B, No. 7, pp.1289-1299, (Japanese edition).
Q. Tran, S. Hara, Y. Nakaya, I. Ida, Y. Oishi [2006], An
adaptive beamforming method for phased array antenna with MEMS phase shifters,
IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.9, pp.2503-2513.
T. Koike, Y. Seki, H. Murata, S. Yoshida, K. Araki [2006],
Prototype implementation of real-time ML detectors for spatial multiplexing
transmission, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.3, pp.845-852.
S. Hara, Q. Tran, Y. Jia, M. Budsabathon, Y. Hara [2006], A
pre-FFT OFDM adaptive array antenna with eigenvector combining, IEICE Trans.
Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.8, pp.2180-2188.
Y. Yu, M. Okada, H. Yamamoto [2007], Dipole array antenna
assisted doppler spread compensator with MRC diversity for ISDB-T receiver,
IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E90-B, No.5, pp.1214-1221.
D. Pham, T. Tabata, H. Asato, S. Hori, T. Wada [2006], Joint
hardware-software implementation of adaptive array antenna for ISDB-T
reception, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B, No.12, pp.3215-3224.
N. Kikuma [2005], Iterative DOA estimation using subspace
tracking methods and adaptive beamforming, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E88-B,
No.5, pp.1818-1828.
Y. Ishikawa, K. Ichige, H. Arai [2006], Accurate source number
detection using pre-estimated signal subspace, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E89-B,
No.12, pp.3257-3265.
P. Cherntanomwong, J. Takada, H. Tsuji [2007], Accurate
angle-of-arrival estimation method in real system by applying calibration and
spatial smoothing, IEICE Trans. Commun., Vol.E90-B, No.10, pp.2915-2925.
C5. Radio
Resource Management
Recent research and developments in the field of radio
resource managements for cellular, wireless LAN, other wireless access, and heterogeneous
wireless, have been still active in these three years, and many researches for
cross layer management which provide radio and network resource managements on
the cross layers combined with Layer 1, 2, 3 and uppers, have been found. The
lack of radio frequency resources has been more and more serious and in order
to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency, system capacity, or throughput,
the cooperation among physical and upper layers has become important.
For the evolved UTRA, Single-Carrier (SC)-FDMA based
multiplexing of L1/L2 control signaling was proposed for downlink scheduling,
link adaptation, hybrid ARQ (automatic repeat request) with soft-combining
[Kawamura et. al., 2007]. The software defined radio platform for W-CDMA,
IEEE802.11a/b, and digital terrestrial broadcasting have been developed toward
user centric radio resource management for cognitive radio communication
systems [Harada, H. 2005].
In the field of WLAN systems, which share a few channel in
unlicensed band and are provided by many AP set up in disorder, many radio
resource managements cooperated among multi-layers have been proposed. A fair
allocation method of radio resources in WLAN area overlapped among different
domains was proposed [Matsunaga et. al., 2004]. An adaptive resource allocation
scheme for video stream according to video stream character and user mobility
in WLAN was proposed [Minoda et. al., 2005]. Some AP selection methods based on
802.11e standard have been developed. An association mechanism called HRFA
(high-rate first association) in IEEE802.11e WLAN networks was proposed to
achieve the load balancing and efficient use of radio resources [Takeuchi et.
al., 2007]. Radio Agent selecting a proper AP among QAPs (QoS supported AP) and
non-supported APs to satisfy both of load balancing and QoS was proposed by
using the presence function of SIP (session initiation protocol) in Layer 7
[Morioka et. al, 2006] A new wireless resource management mechanism with AP
resource management server with SIP proxy and 802.1x authentication server was
proposed to guarantee minimum available WLAN bandwidth for real-time
applications [Tamura et. al., 2005]. A cooperative scheme for APs and STAs in
order to attain efficient and fair sharing of resources of WLAN was proposed and
its prototype system was developed [Fukuda et. al., 2007]. In order to QoS
guarantee in home networks composed with wired and wireless Ethernet, a new
mechanism development for topology discovery and resource reservation have been
also started in the consumer communications [Ando et. al., 2004].
Researches in user centric radio resource managements have
been also active. A novel mechanism was proposed for a mobile user to select an
optimal network from the heterogeneous multimedia networks based on the
user-centric performance, that is the user-perceived quality of service (QoS)
and user-centric cost, that is measured by the user's willingness to pay the
price and allow for the consumption of the mobile terminal's resources [Kafle
et. al., 2005]. In order to realize user centric resource management, quality
of experience (QoE) measure that is the user utility for different types of
wireless services is required. The utility for the video quality and video
download services were measured by subjective assessments, and a new service
management scheme to maximize user utility for given throughput was proposed
[Shutto et. al., 2007].
(K.
Tsukamoto)
References
Kawamura, T.; Kishiyama, Y.; Higuchi, K.; Sawahashi M.
[2007], Layer 1/layer 2 control channel structure in single-carrier FDMA based
evolved UTRA uplink, 2007 IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2941-5,
Dublin, Ireland.
Harada, H. [2005], Software defined radio prototype toward
cognitive radio communication systems, 2005 1st IEEE International Symposium on
New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks, 539-47, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Matsunaga, Y.; Katz, R.H. [2004], Inter-domain radio
resource management for wireless LANs, 2004 IEEE Wireless Communications and
Networking Conference, Vol.4, 2183-8 Atlanta, GA, USA.
Minoda, Y.; Tsukamoto, K.; Komaki [2005], Adaptive resource
allocation for video stream based on video stream character and user mobility
in wireless LAN, IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,
Communications and Computer Sciences, Vol. E88-A, n 7, July 2005, 1881-8.
Takeuchi, S.; Sezaki, K.; Yasuda, Y. [2007], Access point
selection strategy in IEEE802.11e WLAN networks toward load balancing,
Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1 (Communications), Vol. 90, No.
4, 35-45.
Y.
Tamura, T.; Ito, T. [2005], Wireless LAN resource management
mechanism guaranteeing minimum available bandwidth for real-time communication,
2005 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Vol. 3, 1596-601,
New Orleans, LA, USA
Fukuda, Y.; Layawickrema, M.; Oie, Y. [2007], Cooperative
resource management by access points and stations for fair and efficient
sharing of wireless LANs, 2007 Next Generation Internet Networks. 3rd EuroNGI
Conference on Next Generation Internet Networks Design and Engineering for
Heterogeneity, 64-71,
Ando, S.; Ohmoto, M.; Shimizu, Y. [2004], QoS technology for
home networks, 1st IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference,
19-24, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
Kafle, B.P.; Kamioka, E.; Yamada S. [2005], User-centric
performance and cost analysis for selecting access networks in heterogeneous
overlay systems, 8th International Conference on Management of Multimedia
Networks and Services, MMNS 2005, 277-88, Barcelona, Spain.
Shutto, N.; Handa, Y.; Higashino, T.; Tsukamoto, K.; Komaki,
S. [2007], Measurements of a utility function for video download service and
its application to service management, 2007 8th IEEE Wireless Communications
and Networking Conference, Kowloon, China.
C6. Microwave
Passive Circuit
With
the development of Wireless communication system, high performance of
small-size, low-loss, multi-band, and wideband are required for microwave and
millimeter-wave passive devices such as a resonator, filter, power
divider/combiner and directional coupler, etc. Several approaches and new
techniques are currently in the practice for their development purposes.
Reduced-size
couplers with planar circuit-type have been reported using lumped-element
circuits[J. Yamasaki, et al., 2005], slow-wave structures [T. Fujii, et al.,
2005, 2007], and broadband / multi-band dividers/couplers have been developed
[T. Kawai, et al., 2006], [S. Tanigawa, et al., 2007]. Microstrip-type
multi-way power dividers with broadband characteristics can be obtained [M.
Kishihara, et al., 2006]. Moreover, miniature planar filters have been
developed using High-Temperature Superconductor [Z. Ma et al., 2006], and several types of UWB filters have
been reported [K. Li et al., and D. Kurita et al., 2007]
Several
components such as corner [K. Toda, et al., 2006], directional couplers
[M.Kishihara, et al., 2007] in E-plane and H-plane waveguide have also been
illustrated based on E-plane and H-plane circuit approaches. Furthermore, Substrate-Integrated Waveguide (SIW) hybrids [I.
Ohta et al., 2007] based on above design procedure are proposed, these circuit
are useful for millimeter-wave regions. Waveguide filters and resonators using
frequency selective surfaces have been reported [H. Ohira et al.,
2005], and leakage properties of stub-loaded ridge-rectangular waveguides have been
rigorously analyzed [M. Tsuji et al., 2005]
Furthermore,
study and development of metamaterials include double negative or left-handed
materials have been active in these years. Novel two-dimensional negative
refractive index structure has been reported [N. Matsunaga et al., 2006], and
its application to antenna system has been developed [T. Kaneda et al., and S.
Matsunaga et al., 2006].
(T. Kawai)
References
J. Yamasaki, I. Ohta, T. Kawai, and Y. Kokubo [2005], Design
of Broadband Semi-Lumped and Lumped Element Quadrature Hybrids, IEEE MTT-S
Int’l Microwave Symposium Digest (CD ROM), WEPI-11.
T.
Fujii and I. Ohta [2005], Size-Reduction
of Coupled-Microstrip 3 dB Forward Couplers by Loading with Periodic Shunt Capacitive
Stubs, IEEE MTT-S Int’l Microwave Symposium Digest (CD ROM)，WEPI-8.
T. Fujii,
T. Kawai, J. Yamasaki, Y. Kokubo, and I. Ohta [2006], A
Design Method of Dual-Frequency Wilkinson Power Divider, 2006
Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proc., pp. 913-916.
S. Tanigawa, K. Hayashi, T. Fujii, T. Kawai, and I. Ohta
[2007], Tri-Band/Broadband Matching Techniques for 3-dB Branch-Line Couplers, Proc.
37th European Microwave
Conference (CD ROM), pp. 560-563.
M. Kishihara,
IEICE Transaction on Electronics, Vol.E89-C, No.5,
pp.622-629
Z. Ma, T. Kawaguchi, and Y. Kobayashi [2005], Miniaturized
High-Temperature Superconductor Bandpass Filters Using Microstrip S-Type Spiral
Resonators, IEICE Transaction on
Electronics, Vol.E88-C, No.1, pp.57-61
Z. Ma, and Y. Kobayashi [2005], Miniaturized
High-Temperature Superconducting Microstrip and Coplanar Waveguide Filters, IEICE Transaction on Electronics, Vol.E88-C, No.7,
pp.1406-1411
K. Li, Y. Yamamoto, D. Kurita, and O. Hashimoto [2007], An Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass
Filter Using Broadside-Coupled Structure and Lumped-Capacitor-Loaded Shunt Stub
Resonators, IEICE Transaction on
Electronics, Vol.E90-C, No.9, pp.1736-1742.
D. Kurita, and K. Li [2007], Notch-Band
Implemented UWB Bandpass Filter, IEICE Transaction on Electronics, Vol.E90-C, No.12, pp.2226-2231.
K. Toda, I. Ohta, and M. Kishihara [2006], A Broadband, Low-Reflection H-Plane Waveguide Corner
with a Dielectric Circular Post, 2006
Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proc., pp. 1908-1911.
M. Kishihara, I. Ohta, and K. Yamane [2007], Cruciform
Directional Couplers in E-Plane Rectangular Waveguide, IEICE Transaction on
Electronics, vol.E90-C, no.9, pp.1743-1748.
I.
Ohta, K. Toda, M. Kishihara, and T. Kawai [2007],
Design of Cruciform Substrate-Integrated Waveguide Hybrids Based on H-Plane
Planar Circuit Approach, 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Proc.,
pp. 683-686
M.
Ohira, H. Deguchi, M. Tsuji, and H. Shigesawa [2005], Novel waveguide filters with
multiple attenuation poles using dual-behavior resonance of frequency selective
surfaces, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 3320-3326.
M.
Ohira, H. Deguchi, M. Tsuji, and H. Shigesawa [2005], Novel dual-resonant and
dual-polarized frequency selective surface using eight-legged element and its
experimental verification, IEICE Trans. on Electron., vol. E88-C, No. 12, pp.
2229-2235.
M.
Tsuji, and H. Shigesawa [2005], Leakage properties of stub-loaded
ridge-rectangular waveguides, IEICE Trans. on Electron., vol. E88-C, No.9, pp.
1853-1859.
N.
Matsunaga, A. Sanada, H. Kubo [2006], Novel Two-Dimensional Planar Negative
Refractive Index Structure, IEICE
Trans. on Electron., vol. E89-C, No.9, pp. 1276-1282 .
T. Kaneda,
A. Sanada, H. Kubo
[2006], 2D Beam Scanning Planar Antenna Array Using Composite Right/Left-Handed
Leaky Wave Antennas, IEICE Trans.
on Electron., vol. E 89-C, No.12, pp. 1904-1911.
S.
Matsuzawa, K. Sato, S. Aso, A. Sanada, H. Kubo [2006], A W-Band Microstrip
Composite Right/Left-Handed Leaky Wave Antenna, IEICE Trans. on Communications, E89-B, April, pp. 1464-1466.
C7. Microwave
Active Circuit
In
RF/Microwave/Millimeter wave region, we have two major evolutions of semiconductor
device: high frequency performance of submicron CMOS device and high breakdown
voltage/high frequency performance of the wide band-gap device.
Regarding the
first topic of above, lithography rule for large scale logics is still shifting
to deep sub-micron less than 65nm in 2007 [STARC 2007] in Japan, as in
world-wide roadmap [ITRS 2007]. The cutoff frequency of CMOS transistor reaches
over-100GHz. This means good capability of Millimeter wave CMOS
transistor. For high-speed radio
transceivers, Millimeter wave CMOS RF-ICs have been reported for radio
functionalities [Shigematsu 2005], [Mitomo 2007] [Ishibashi 2007] of low noise
amplifiers, frequency mixers, oscillators and frequency dividers. In parallel,
RF-system level constructions have been done for Gbps-class radio transmission
systems with GaAs device [Maruhashi 2005]. Millimeter wave CMOS devices have
been applied to the similar systems, instead of GaAs devices [Mitomo 2007].
Regarding the
second topic, high voltage operation and high frequency one are in the
trade-off issue. Thus there are two research directions toward high power and
high frequency in wide band-gap devices as GaN. The C-band GaN HEMT amplifier
has achieved output power of 220W in pulse operation by optimization of
electrode-layout for thermal resistance reduction, [Yamanaka 2007]. The Ka-band
AlGaN/GaN HEMT with quarter-micron T-shaped gate has achieved output power of
5.8 W in CW and linear gain of 9.2 dB [Inoue 2005].
In addition
to above topics based on semiconductor improvements, there have been the
following technical interests.
For the next
generation mobile communication system as WiMAX and LTE, multi-carrier systems
employed for high speed radio transmission. This makes higher crest factor in
modulated signal in transmitters and higher dc power for keeping low leakage
power to adjacent channel. For improvement of non-linear distortion in HPAs,
several system-level approaches have been demonstrated. In [Matsunaga 2007], DC
bias voltage is controlled by envelope voltage of input modulated signal. In
[Horiguchi 2007], combination of digital predistortion architecture and
improved Doherty amplifier has been demonstrated for OFDM transmitters.
In future cellular
phone system, we have additional frequency resources after termination of
analog TV system in
Phase noise
of oscillators has been represented by well-known Leeson’s formula with
oscillators’ Q. However, we had no clear definition of oscillators’ Q. In [Ohira 2007], theoretical formulas of
oscillators’ Q can be defined under the circuit theory. The substituted formulas are effective
for low noise oscillator design.
(K.
Itoh)
References
STARC (The Semiconductor Technology Academic Research Center) [2007],
http://www.starc.jp/univ/joint/roadmap-j.html
(in Japanese)
ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors) [2007],
http://www.itrs.net/Links/2007ITRS/Home2007.htm
Shigematsu, H., Hirose,,T., et.al., [2005], Millimeter-wave CMOS
circuit design, IEEE Transactions
on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol.53, No.2, pp. 472-477.
Mitomo, T., Fujimoto, R.,
Ono, N., et.al. [2007], A 60-GHz CMOS Receiver
with Frequency Synthesizer, Proceedings of2007 IEEE
Symposium on VLSI Circuits, pp.172-173.
Ishibashi, K., Motoyoshi, M., Kobayashi, N., Fujishima, M. [2007],
76GHz CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillator with 7%
Maruhashi, K., Ito,, M. Kishimoto,, S. Ohata, K. [2005], 60-GHz-band
LTCC module technology for wireless gigabit transceiver applications,
Proceedings of 2005 IEEE International Workshop on Radio-Frequency Integration
Technology pp. 131- 134.
Yamanaka, K., Mori, K., Iyomasa, K., et.al. [2007], C-band GaN HEMT
Power Amplifier with 220W Output Power, 2007 IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave
Symposium Digest, pp.1251-1254.
Inoue, T., Ando, Y., Miyamoto, H., et.al.,[2005], 30-GHz-band over 5-W
power performance of short-channel AlGaN/GaN heterojunction FETs, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, Vol. 53, No.1,
pp.74- 80.
Matsunaga, K., Tanomura, M., Nakayama, T., et.al., Analogue Dynamic
Supply Voltage L-band GaN High Power Amplifier with Improvement of Efficiency
and Linearity, 2007. IEEE/MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest,
pp.1107-1110.
Horiguchi, K., Ishizaka, S., Nakayama M., et.al. [2007], Efficiency
Enhancement of a Digital Predistortion Doherty Amplifier Transmitter Using a
Virtual Open Stub Technique, IEICE
TRANSACTIONS on Electronics, Vol.E90-C,
No.9, pp.1670-1677.
Fukuda, A., Okazaki, H., Narahashi, S., Hirota.
T., Yamao, Y., [2005], A 900/1500/2000-MHz triple-band reconfigurable power amplifier
employing RF-MEMS switches, 2005 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
Digest, pp.657-660.
Ohira, T., Araki, K. [2007], Active Q-Factor and Equilibrium Stability
Formulation for Sinusoidal Oscillators, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
II, Vol. 54, No.9, pp.810-814
C8. UHF Band RFID System
RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification) is an automatic recognition technology that accesses
data in the memory of the integrated circuit chip by using a radio
communication technology. The one that the antenna was connected with the RFID
chip is called the RFID tag. RFID tag is called IC tag. Passive type RFID tag
doesn't have the battery, rectifies the electromagnetic radiation from the tag
reader/writer, and operates the circuit. Moreover, it doesn't have the radio
frequency transmitter in oneself so that RFID tag may reply by the back
scattering method. The application starts in wide fields of the production line
of the factor, the personal authentication, distribution, and the circulation, etc.
RFID is international standardized as ISO18000 series. 915MHz band, it is ISM
band, is used in the United States etc. for UHF band RFID, and 860MHz band is
used in Europe etc. 950MHz band became the candidate of UHF band RFID in Japan.
PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) system had used 950MHz band in
The trial
experiment of UHF band RFID came to be conducted in various industrial fields
such as construction, publication, the consumer electronic, the medicines, and
department stores from 1994[J. Mitsugi, et al.,2006],[ Y. Kawakita, et
al.,2006]. A severe regulation was provided for a spurious radiation because
the cellular phone used the frequency of neighborhood in
As the
research and development concerning the integrated circuit chip for RFID tag,
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry promoted the project “Hibiki” that
was the achievement of five yen tag inlet during August, 2006 [A. Honzawa, et
al.,2007]. In addition, tag that improved security was developed after August
2006. Besides “Hibiki” project, RFID tag equipped with a high-speed, mass
memory that sounded and used FeRAM (Ferroelectric Random Access Memory)
appeared [H. Nakamoto, et al.,2007].
The antenna
that miniaturized tag was researched and developed so that it was installed in
the center part of CD or DVD [A. S. Andrenko, et al.,2007]. On the chip antenna
was researched and developed as an attempt that tag size reducing more [H. Abe,
et al.,2005], [M. Usami, 2006].
As the RFID
system, it researched concerning interference [Y. Tanaka, et al.,2007] and the
readout performance improvement technology of the simultaneously multiple tag
data access method, etc [J. Mitsugi, et al.,2007], [T. Maniwa,et al.,2007].
UHF band RFID
is applied to the stock management of the household appliance store, the
production control of the personal computer, the application of the
It is
scheduled for UHF band use for not only a passive type but also active type
RFID to be examined in 2007, and to
become possible to use in 2008.
(T. Maniwa)
References
J. Mitsugi
and H. Hada[2006],”Experimental study on UHF passive RFID readability
degradation”, International Symposium on Applications and the Internet
Workshops 2006 (SAINT Workshops 2006).
Y. Kawakita and
J. Mitsugi[2006], “Anti-collision performance of Gen2 air protocol in random
error communication link”, International Symposium on Applications and the
Internet Workshops 2006 (SAINT Workshops 2006).
A. Honzawa,
Y. Kobayashi,
H. Nakamoto,
D. Yamazaki, T. Yamamoto, H. Kurata, S. Yamada, K. Mukaida, T. Ninomiya, T. Ohkawa, S. Masui and K.
Gotoh[2007],” A Passive UHF RF Identification CMOS Tag IC Using Ferroelectric
RAM in 0.35-um Technology”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol.42, No.1,
pp.101-110.
A. S.
Andrenko, M. Kai, T. Maniwa and T. Yamagajo[2007], ”Compact printed-on-CD UHF
RFID tag antennas”, 2007 IEEE Antennas and Propagation International Symposium,
pp. 5455 – 5458.
H. Abe, M.
Sato, K. Itoi, S. Kawai, T. Tanaka, T. Hayashi, Y. Saitoh and T. Ito[2005], ”
Microwave operation of on-chip antenna embedded in WL-CSP”, 2005 IEEE
International Workshop on Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel
Metamaterials( IWAT 2005), pp.147-150.
M.
Usami[2006], “Ultra-Small RLID Chip Technology”, 13th IEEE International
Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICECS '06), pp.708-711.
Y. Tanaka and
I. Sasase,[2007]” Interference Avoidance Algorithms for Passive RFID Systems
Using Contention-Based Transmit Abortion”, IEICE TRANSACTIONS on Communications
Vol.E90-B, No.11, pp.3170-3180.
J. Mitsugi
and Y. Shibao[2007],” Multipath Identification using Steepest Gradient Method
for Dynamic Inventory in UHF RFID”, International Symposium on Applications and
the Internet Workshops 2007 (SAINT Workshops 2007).
T. Maniwa, H.
Sugano and M. Kato[2007], ”Mass Data Read/Write Technology for UHF-Band RFID
Tags”, Fujitsu Scientific & Technical Journal(FSTJ), Vol.43, No.4,
pp.464-468.
C9.
Ubiquitous Power Source
Ubiquitous Power Source (UPS) was proposed in
Weak point of
future ubiquitous information society is power source. We can get information
in every time and in everywhere in the ubiquitous information society. However,
all information equipments like note PC, mobile phone, and PDA, need battery
and the other power source. The power source restraints the time and the place
of the ubiquitous information society. So the
UPS supplies wireless power via microwave. We use only carrier of the non-modulated/modulated
microwave to transmit the wireless power. Passive RF-ID is close to the UPS.
Key technology is rectenna, rectifying antenna, which rectify the
microwave to DC with high efficiency. The RF-ID has the rectenna in the chip.
Some developments of the rectenna for the RF-ID or the UPS have been done in
In Japan, research and
development activity of the wireless
power transmission (WPT) for the Space Solar Power Satellite/Station (SPS) has
been high for over twenty years [Matsumoto, 2002][Fujita et al., 2007] [Mihara
et al., 2007]. The UPS is based on the WPT technologies.
(N. Shinohara)
References
Shinohara, N., T.
Mitani, and H. Matsumoto [2005], “Study on Ubiquitous Power Source with Microwave Power
Transmission”, Proc. of International
Union of Radio Science (URSI) General Assembly 2005, C07.5(01145).pdf
Shinohara, N., H.
Matsumoto, A. Yamamoto, H. Okegawa, T. Mizuno, H. Uematsu, H. Ikematsu, and I.
Mikami [2004], “Development of High
Efficiency Rectenna at mW Input (in Japanese)”, Proc. of 7th SPS Symposium, pp.105-110
Takagaki, T., K. Fujimori, M. Sanagi, and S. Nogi [2006], “Improvement
in Conversion Efficiency of a Rectenna Circuit by considering Harmonics (in Japanese)”, Proc. of IEICE 2006,
CBS-1-3.pdf
Kitayoshi, H. and K. Sawaya [2006], “A Study on Rectenna for Passive
RFID-Tag (in Japanese)”, Proc. of
IEICE 2006, CBS-1-5.pdf
Matsumoto,
H.[2002], “Research
on solar power satellites and microwave power transmission in
Fujita, T., H. Suzuki, M. Mori, and Yuka Saito [2007], “Summary of
Studies on Space Solar Power Systems of
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
(JAXA)”, Proc. of International Symposium on Radio Systems and Space
Plasma (ISRSSP), pp.137-140
Mihara, S., T. Saito, Y. Kobayashi, and H. Kanai [2007],
“Activities for the Realization of Space Solar Power System at USEF”, Proc. of
International Symposium on Radio Systems and Space Plasma (ISRSSP), pp.149-152
Editor
Shozo Komaki
Contributors
Kenji
Itoh
Mitsubishi
Electric
Tadashi
Kawai
Katsutoshi Tsukamoto
Hirotsugu
Kubo
Mitsubishi
Electric
Minoru
Okada
Nara
Institute of Science and Technology
Mitoshi
Fujimoto
Akihito
Kato
National
Toru
Maniwa
Fujitsu
Laboratories
Naoki
Shinohara